Path Algebras¶
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class
sage.quivers.algebra.
PathAlgebra
(k, P, order='negdegrevlex')¶ Bases:
sage.combinat.free_module.CombinatorialFreeModule
Create the path algebra of a
quiver
over a given field.Given a quiver \(Q\) and a field \(k\), the path algebra \(kQ\) is defined as follows. As a vector space it has basis the set of all paths in \(Q\). Multiplication is defined on this basis and extended bilinearly. If \(p\) is a path with terminal vertex \(t\) and \(q\) is a path with initial vertex \(i\) then the product \(p*q\) is defined to be the composition of the paths \(p\) and \(q\) if \(t = i\) and \(0\) otherwise.
INPUT:
k
– field (or commutative ring), the base field of the path algebraP
– the path semigroup of a quiver \(Q\)order
– optional string, one of “negdegrevlex” (default), “degrevlex”, “negdeglex” or “deglex”, defining the monomial order to be used.
OUTPUT:
the path algebra \(kP\) with the given monomial order
Note
Monomial orders that are not degree orders are not supported.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P = DiGraph({1:{2:['a']}, 2:{3:['b']}}).path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(GF(7)) sage: A Path algebra of Multi-digraph on 3 vertices over Finite Field of size 7 sage: A.variable_names() ('e_1', 'e_2', 'e_3', 'a', 'b')
Note that path algebras are uniquely defined by their quiver, field and monomial order:
sage: A is P.algebra(GF(7)) True sage: A is P.algebra(GF(7), order="degrevlex") False sage: A is P.algebra(RR) False sage: A is DiGraph({1:{2:['a']}}).path_semigroup().algebra(GF(7)) False
The path algebra of an acyclic quiver has a finite basis:
sage: A.dimension() 6 sage: list(A.basis()) [e_1, e_2, e_3, a, b, a*b]
The path algebra can create elements from paths or from elements of the base ring:
sage: A(5) 5*e_1 + 5*e_2 + 5*e_3 sage: S = A.semigroup() sage: S Partial semigroup formed by the directed paths of Multi-digraph on 3 vertices sage: p = S([(1, 2, 'a')]) sage: r = S([(2, 3, 'b')]) sage: e2 = S([(2, 2)]) sage: x = A(p) + A(e2) sage: x a + e_2 sage: y = A(p) + A(r) sage: y a + b
Path algebras are graded algebras. The grading is given by assigning to each basis element the length of the path corresponding to that basis element:
sage: x.is_homogeneous() False sage: x.degree() Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: Element is not homogeneous. sage: y.is_homogeneous() True sage: y.degree() 1 sage: A[1] Free module spanned by [a, b] over Finite Field of size 7 sage: A[2] Free module spanned by [a*b] over Finite Field of size 7
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Element
¶
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arrows
()¶ Return the arrows of this algebra (corresponding to edges of the underlying quiver).
EXAMPLES:
sage: P = DiGraph({1:{2:['a']}, 2:{3:['b', 'c']}, 4:{}}).path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(GF(5)) sage: A.arrows() (a, b, c)
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degree_on_basis
(x)¶ Return
x.degree()
.This function is here to make some methods work that are inherited from
CombinatorialFreeModule
.EXAMPLES:
sage: A = DiGraph({0:{1:['a'], 2:['b']}, 1:{0:['c'], 1:['d']}, 2:{0:['e'],2:['f']}}).path_semigroup().algebra(ZZ) sage: A.inject_variables() Defining e_0, e_1, e_2, a, b, c, d, e, f sage: X = a+2*b+3*c*e-a*d+5*e_0+3*e_2 sage: X 5*e_0 + a - a*d + 2*b + 3*e_2 sage: X.homogeneous_component(0) # indirect doctest 5*e_0 + 3*e_2 sage: X.homogeneous_component(1) a + 2*b sage: X.homogeneous_component(2) -a*d sage: X.homogeneous_component(3) 0
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gen
(i)¶ Return the \(i\)-th generator of this algebra.
This is an idempotent (corresponding to a trivial path at a vertex) if \(i < n\) (where \(n\) is the number of vertices of the quiver), and a single-edge path otherwise.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P = DiGraph({1:{2:['a']}, 2:{3:['b', 'c']}, 4:{}}).path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(GF(5)) sage: A.gens() (e_1, e_2, e_3, e_4, a, b, c) sage: A.gen(2) e_3 sage: A.gen(5) b
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gens
()¶ Return the generators of this algebra (idempotents and arrows).
EXAMPLES:
sage: P = DiGraph({1:{2:['a']}, 2:{3:['b', 'c']}, 4:{}}).path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(GF(5)) sage: A.variable_names() ('e_1', 'e_2', 'e_3', 'e_4', 'a', 'b', 'c') sage: A.gens() (e_1, e_2, e_3, e_4, a, b, c)
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homogeneous_component
(n)¶ Return the \(n\)-th homogeneous piece of the path algebra.
INPUT:
n
– integer
OUTPUT:
CombinatorialFreeModule
, module spanned by the paths of length \(n\) in the quiver
EXAMPLES:
sage: P = DiGraph({1:{2:['a'], 3:['b']}, 2:{4:['c']}, 3:{4:['d']}}).path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(GF(7)) sage: A.homogeneous_component(2) Free module spanned by [a*c, b*d] over Finite Field of size 7 sage: D = DiGraph({1: {2: 'a'}, 2: {3: 'b'}, 3: {1: 'c'}}) sage: P = D.path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(ZZ) sage: A.homogeneous_component(3) Free module spanned by [a*b*c, b*c*a, c*a*b] over Integer Ring
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homogeneous_components
()¶ Return the non-zero homogeneous components of
self
.EXAMPLES:
sage: Q = DiGraph([[1,2,'a'],[2,3,'b'],[3,4,'c']]) sage: PQ = Q.path_semigroup() sage: A = PQ.algebra(GF(7)) sage: A.homogeneous_components() [Free module spanned by [e_1, e_2, e_3, e_4] over Finite Field of size 7, Free module spanned by [a, b, c] over Finite Field of size 7, Free module spanned by [a*b, b*c] over Finite Field of size 7, Free module spanned by [a*b*c] over Finite Field of size 7]
Warning
Backward incompatible change: since trac ticket #12630 and until trac ticket #8678, this feature was implemented under the syntax
list(A)
by means ofA.__iter__
. This was incorrect sinceA.__iter__
, when defined for a parent, should iterate through the elements of \(A\).
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idempotents
()¶ Return the idempotents of this algebra (corresponding to vertices of the underlying quiver).
EXAMPLES:
sage: P = DiGraph({1:{2:['a']}, 2:{3:['b', 'c']}, 4:{}}).path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(GF(5)) sage: A.idempotents() (e_1, e_2, e_3, e_4)
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ngens
()¶ Number of generators of this algebra.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P = DiGraph({1:{2:['a']}, 2:{3:['b', 'c']}, 4:{}}).path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(GF(5)) sage: A.ngens() 7
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one
()¶ Return the multiplicative identity element.
The multiplicative identity of a path algebra is the sum of the basis elements corresponding to the trivial paths at each vertex.
EXAMPLES:
sage: A = DiGraph({1:{2:['a']}, 2:{3:['b']}}).path_semigroup().algebra(QQ) sage: A.one() e_1 + e_2 + e_3
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order_string
()¶ Return the string that defines the monomial order of this algebra.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P1 = DiGraph({1:{1:['x','y','z']}}).path_semigroup().algebra(GF(25,'t')) sage: P2 = DiGraph({1:{1:['x','y','z']}}).path_semigroup().algebra(GF(25,'t'), order="degrevlex") sage: P3 = DiGraph({1:{1:['x','y','z']}}).path_semigroup().algebra(GF(25,'t'), order="negdeglex") sage: P4 = DiGraph({1:{1:['x','y','z']}}).path_semigroup().algebra(GF(25,'t'), order="deglex") sage: P1.order_string() 'negdegrevlex' sage: P2.order_string() 'degrevlex' sage: P3.order_string() 'negdeglex' sage: P4.order_string() 'deglex'
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quiver
()¶ Return the quiver from which the algebra
self
was formed.OUTPUT:
DiGraph
, the quiver of the algebra
EXAMPLES:
sage: P = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}}).path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(GF(3)) sage: A.quiver() is P.quiver() True
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semigroup
()¶ Return the (partial) semigroup from which the algebra
self
was constructed.Note
The partial semigroup is formed by the paths of a quiver, multiplied by concatenation. If the quiver has more than a single vertex, then multiplication in the path semigroup is not always defined.
OUTPUT:
the path semigroup from which
self
was formed (a partial semigroup)
EXAMPLES:
sage: P = DiGraph({1:{2:['a', 'b']}}).path_semigroup() sage: A = P.algebra(GF(3)) sage: A.semigroup() is P True
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sum
(iter_of_elements)¶ Return the sum of all elements in
iter_of_elements
INPUT:
iter_of_elements
: iterator of elements ofself
Note
It overrides a method inherited from
CombinatorialFreeModule
, which relies on a private attribute of elements—an implementation detail that is simply not available forPathAlgebraElement
.EXAMPLES:
sage: A = DiGraph({0:{1:['a'], 2:['b']}, 1:{0:['c'], 1:['d']}, 2:{0:['e'],2:['f']}}).path_semigroup().algebra(ZZ) sage: A.inject_variables() Defining e_0, e_1, e_2, a, b, c, d, e, f sage: A.sum((a, 2*b, 3*c*e, -a*d, 5*e_0, 3*e_2)) 5*e_0 + a - a*d + 2*b + 3*e_2