Some tools for developers

AUTHORS:

• Nicolas M. Thiery: initial version

• Vincent Delecroix (2012 and 2013): improve import_statements

sage.misc.dev_tools.find_object_modules(obj)

Return a dictionary whose keys are the names of the modules where obj appear and the value at a given module name is the list of names that obj have in that module.

It is very unlikely that the output dictionary has several keys except when obj is an instance of a class.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.misc.dev_tools import find_object_modules
sage: find_object_modules(RR)
{'sage.rings.real_mpfr': ['RR']}
sage: find_object_modules(ZZ)
{'sage.rings.integer_ring': ['Z', 'ZZ']}

Note

It might be a good idea to move this function in sage.misc.sageinspect.

sage.misc.dev_tools.find_objects_from_name(name, module_name=None)

Return the list of objects from module_name whose name is name.

If module_name is None, the function runs through all loaded modules and returns the list of objects whose name matches name.

If module_name is not None, then search only in submodules of module_name.

In order to search through more modules you might use the function load_submodules().

EXAMPLES:

sage: import sage.misc.dev_tools as dt
sage: dt.find_objects_from_name('FareySymbol')
[<type 'sage.modular.arithgroup.farey_symbol.Farey'>]

sage: import sympy
sage: dt.find_objects_from_name('RR')
[Real Field with 53 bits of precision, RR]
sage: dt.find_objects_from_name('RR', 'sage')
[Real Field with 53 bits of precision]
sage: dt.find_objects_from_name('RR', 'sympy')
[RR]

Examples that do not belong to the global namespace but in a loaded module:

sage: 'find_objects_from_name' in globals()
False
sage: objs = dt.find_objects_from_name('find_objects_from_name')
sage: len(objs)
1
sage: dt.find_objects_from_name is dt.find_objects_from_name
True

Note

It might be a good idea to move this function into sage.misc.sageinspect.

sage.misc.dev_tools.import_statement_string(module, names, lazy)

Return a (lazy) import statement for names from module.

INPUT:

• module – the name of a module

• names – a list of 2-tuples containing names and alias to import

• lazy – a boolean: whether to return a lazy import statement

EXAMPLES:

sage: import sage.misc.dev_tools as dt
sage: modname = 'sage.misc.dev_tools'
sage: names_and_aliases = [('import_statement_string', 'iss')]
sage: dt.import_statement_string(modname, names_and_aliases, False)
'from sage.misc.dev_tools import import_statement_string as iss'
sage: dt.import_statement_string(modname, names_and_aliases, True)
"lazy_import('sage.misc.dev_tools', 'import_statement_string', 'iss')"
sage: dt.import_statement_string(modname, [('a','b'),('c','c'),('d','e')], False)
'from sage.misc.dev_tools import a as b, c, d as e'
sage: dt.import_statement_string(modname, [(None,None)], False)
'import sage.misc.dev_tools'

sage.misc.dev_tools.import_statements(*objects, **kwds)

Print import statements for the given objects.

INPUT:

• *objects – a sequence of objects or names.

• lazy – a boolean (default: False) Whether to print a lazy import statement.

• verbose – a boolean (default: True) Whether to print information in case of ambiguity.

• answer_as_str – a boolean (default: False) If True return a string instead of printing the statement.

EXAMPLES:

sage: import_statements(WeylGroup, lazy_attribute)
from sage.combinat.root_system.weyl_group import WeylGroup
from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute

sage: import_statements(IntegerRing)
from sage.rings.integer_ring import IntegerRing

If lazy is True, then lazy_import() statements are displayed instead:

sage: import_statements(WeylGroup, lazy_attribute, lazy=True)
from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
lazy_import('sage.combinat.root_system.weyl_group', 'WeylGroup')
lazy_import('sage.misc.lazy_attribute', 'lazy_attribute')

In principle, the function should also work on object which are instances. In case of ambiguity, one or two warning lines are printed:

sage: import_statements(RDF)
from sage.rings.real_double import RDF

sage: import_statements(ZZ)
# ** Warning **: several names for that object: Z, ZZ
from sage.rings.integer_ring import Z

sage: import_statements(euler_phi)
from sage.arith.misc import euler_phi

sage: import_statements(x)
from sage.calculus.predefined import x

If you don’t like the warning you can disable them with the option verbose:

sage: import_statements(ZZ, verbose=False)
from sage.rings.integer_ring import Z

sage: import_statements(x, verbose=False)
from sage.calculus.predefined import x

If the object has several names, an other way to get the import statement you expect is to use a string instead of the object:

sage: import_statements(matrix)
# ** Warning **: several names for that object: Matrix, matrix
from sage.matrix.constructor import Matrix

sage: import_statements('cached_function')
from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_function
sage: import_statements('Z')
# **Warning**: distinct objects with name 'Z' in:
#   - sage.calculus.predefined
#   - sage.rings.integer_ring
from sage.rings.integer_ring import Z

Specifying a string is also useful for objects that are not imported in the Sage interpreter namespace by default. In this case, an object with that name is looked up in all the modules that have been imported in this session:

sage: import_statement_string
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NameError: name 'import_statement_string' is not defined

sage: import_statements("import_statement_string")
from sage.misc.dev_tools import import_statement_string

Sometimes objects are imported as an alias (from XXX import YYY as ZZZ) or are affected (XXX = YYY) and the function might detect it:

sage: import_statements('FareySymbol')
from sage.modular.arithgroup.farey_symbol import Farey as FareySymbol

sage: import_statements('power')
from sage.arith.power import generic_power as power

In order to be able to detect functions that belong to a non-loaded module, you might call the helper load_submodules() as in the following:

sage: import_statements('HeckeMonoid')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
LookupError: no object named 'HeckeMonoid'
sage: from sage.misc.dev_tools import load_submodules
sage: load_submodules(sage.monoids)
load sage.monoids.automatic_semigroup... succeeded
load sage.monoids.hecke_monoid... succeeded
load sage.monoids.indexed_free_monoid... succeeded
sage: import_statements('HeckeMonoid')
from sage.monoids.hecke_monoid import HeckeMonoid

We test different objects which have no appropriate answer:

sage: import_statements('my_tailor_is_rich')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
LookupError: no object named 'my_tailor_is_rich'
sage: import_statements(5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no import statement found for '5'.

We test that it behaves well with lazy imported objects (trac ticket #14767):

sage: import_statements(NN)
from sage.rings.semirings.non_negative_integer_semiring import NN
sage: import_statements('NN')
from sage.rings.semirings.non_negative_integer_semiring import NN

Deprecated lazy imports are ignored (see trac ticket #17458):

sage: lazy_import('sage.all', 'RR', 'deprecated_RR', namespace=sage.__dict__, deprecation=17458)
sage: import_statements('deprecated_RR')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
LookupError: object named 'deprecated_RR' is deprecated (see trac ticket 17458)
sage: lazy_import('sage.all', 'RR', namespace=sage.__dict__, deprecation=17458)
sage: import_statements('RR')
from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RR

The following were fixed with trac ticket #15351:

sage: import_statements('Rationals')
from sage.rings.rational_field import RationalField as Rationals
sage: import_statements(sage.combinat.partition_algebra.SetPartitionsAk)
from sage.combinat.partition_algebra import SetPartitionsAk
sage: import_statements(CIF)
from sage.rings.all import CIF
sage: import_statements(NaN)
from sage.symbolic.constants import NaN
sage: import_statements(pi)
from sage.symbolic.constants import pi
sage: import_statements('SAGE_ENV')
from sage.env import SAGE_ENV
sage: import_statements('graph_decompositions')
import sage.graphs.graph_decompositions

Check that a name from the global namespace is properly found (see trac ticket #23779):

sage: import_statements('log')
from sage.functions.log import log

Note

The programmers try to made this function as smart as possible. Nevertheless it is far from being perfect (for example it does not detect deprecated stuff). So, if you use it, double check the answer and report weird behaviors.

sage.misc.dev_tools.load_submodules(module=None, exclude_pattern=None)

Load all submodules of a given modules.

This method is intended to be used by developers and especially the one who uses import_statements(). By default it load the sage library and it takes around a minute.

INPUT:

• module - an optional module

• exclude_pattern - an optional regular expression pattern of module names that have to be excluded.

EXAMPLES:

sage: sage.misc.dev_tools.load_submodules(sage.combinat)
load sage.combinat.algebraic_combinatorics... succeeded
...
load sage.combinat.words.suffix_trees... succeeded

Calling a second time has no effect (since the function does not import modules already imported):

sage: sage.misc.dev_tools.load_submodules(sage.combinat)

The second argument allows to exclude a pattern:

sage: sage.misc.dev_tools.load_submodules(sage.geometry, "database$|lattice")
load sage.geometry.cone_catalog... succeeded
load sage.geometry.fan_isomorphism... succeeded
...
load sage.geometry.riemannian_manifolds.surface3d_generators... succeeded

sage: sage.misc.dev_tools.load_submodules(sage.geometry)
load sage.geometry.polyhedron.lattice_euclidean_group_element... succeeded
load sage.geometry.polyhedron.palp_database... succeeded
load sage.geometry.polyhedron.ppl_lattice_polygon... succeeded

sage.misc.dev_tools.runsnake(command)

Graphical profiling with runsnake

INPUT:

• command – the command to be run as a string.

EXAMPLES:

sage: runsnake("list(SymmetricGroup(3))")        # optional - runsnake

command is first preparsed (see preparse()):

sage: runsnake('for x in range(1,4): print(x^2)') # optional - runsnake
1
4
9

runsnake() requires the program runsnake. Due to non trivial dependencies (python-wxgtk, …), installing it within the Sage distribution is unpractical. Hence, we recommend installing it with the system wide Python. On Ubuntu 10.10, this can be done with:

> sudo apt-get install python-profiler python-wxgtk2.8 python-setuptools
> sudo easy_install RunSnakeRun

See the runsnake website for instructions for other platforms.

runsnake() further assumes that the system wide Python is installed in /usr/bin/python.

See also

• The runsnake website

• %prun

• Profiler