Unitary Groups \(GU(n,q)\) and \(SU(n,q)\)¶
These are \(n \times n\) unitary matrices with entries in \(GF(q^2)\).
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = SU(3,5)
sage: G.order()
378000
sage: G
Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: G.gens()
(
[ a 0 0] [4*a 4 1]
[ 0 2*a + 2 0] [ 4 4 0]
[ 0 0 3*a], [ 1 0 0]
)
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in a of size 5^2
AUTHORS:
David Joyner (2006-03): initial version, modified from special_linear (by W. Stein)
David Joyner (2006-05): minor additions (examples, _latex_, __str__, gens)
William Stein (2006-12): rewrite
Volker Braun (2013-1) port to new Parent, libGAP, extreme refactoring.
Sebastian Oehms (2018-8) add
_UG
,invariant_form()
, option for user defined invariant bilinear form, and bug-fix in_check_matrix
(see trac ticket #26028)
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sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.
GU
(n, R, var='a', invariant_form=None)¶ Return the general unitary group.
The general unitary group \(GU( d, R )\) consists of all \(d \times d\) matrices that preserve a nondegenerate sesquilinear form over the ring \(R\).
Note
For a finite field the matrices that preserve a sesquilinear form over \(F_q\) live over \(F_{q^2}\). So
GU(n,q)
for a prime powerq
constructs the matrix group over the base ringGF(q^2)
.Note
This group is also available via
groups.matrix.GU()
.INPUT:
n
– a positive integerR
– ring or an integer; if an integer is specified, the corresponding finite field is usedvar
– (optional, default:'a'
) variable used to represent generator of the finite field, if neededinvariant_form
– (optional) instances being accepted by the matrix-constructor which define a \(n \times n\) square matrix over R describing the hermitian form to be kept invariant by the unitary group; the form is checked to be non-degenerate and hermitian but not to be positive definite
OUTPUT:
Return the general unitary group.
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = GU(3, 7); G General Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 7^2 sage: G.gens() ( [ a 0 0] [6*a 6 1] [ 0 1 0] [ 6 6 0] [ 0 0 5*a], [ 1 0 0] ) sage: GU(2,QQ) General Unitary Group of degree 2 over Rational Field sage: G = GU(3, 5, var='beta') sage: G.base_ring() Finite Field in beta of size 5^2 sage: G.gens() ( [ beta 0 0] [4*beta 4 1] [ 0 1 0] [ 4 4 0] [ 0 0 3*beta], [ 1 0 0] )
Using the
invariant_form
option:sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField(); e5=UCF.gen(5) sage: m=matrix(UCF, 3,3, [[1,e5,0],[e5.conjugate(),2,0],[0,0,1]]) sage: G = GU(3, UCF) sage: Gm = GU(3, UCF, invariant_form=m) sage: G == Gm False sage: G.invariant_form() [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] sage: Gm.invariant_form() [ 1 E(5) 0] [E(5)^4 2 0] [ 0 0 1] sage: pm=Permutation((1,2,3)).to_matrix() sage: g = G(pm); g in G; g True [0 0 1] [1 0 0] [0 1 0] sage: Gm(pm) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: matrix must be unitary with respect to the hermitian form [ 1 E(5) 0] [E(5)^4 2 0] [ 0 0 1] sage: GU(3,3, invariant_form=[[1,0,0],[0,2,0],[0,0,1]]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError: invariant_form for finite groups is fixed by GAP sage: GU(2,QQ, invariant_form=[[1,0],[2,0]]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: invariant_form must be non-degenerate
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sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.
SU
(n, R, var='a', invariant_form=None)¶ The special unitary group \(SU( d, R )\) consists of all \(d \times d\) matrices that preserve a nondegenerate sesquilinear form over the ring \(R\) and have determinant \(1\).
Note
For a finite field the matrices that preserve a sesquilinear form over \(F_q\) live over \(F_{q^2}\). So
SU(n,q)
for a prime powerq
constructs the matrix group over the base ringGF(q^2)
.Note
This group is also available via
groups.matrix.SU()
.INPUT:
n
– a positive integerR
– ring or an integer; if an integer is specified, the corresponding finite field is usedvar
– (optional, default:'a'
) variable used to represent generator of the finite field, if neededinvariant_form
– (optional) instances being accepted by the matrix-constructor which define a \(n \times n\) square matrix over R describing the hermitian form to be kept invariant by the unitary group; the form is checked to be non-degenerate and hermitian but not to be positive definite
OUTPUT:
Return the special unitary group.
EXAMPLES:
sage: SU(3,5) Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 5^2 sage: SU(3, GF(5)) Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 5^2 sage: SU(3,QQ) Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Rational Field
Using the
invariant_form
option:sage: CF3 = CyclotomicField(3); e3 = CF3.gen() sage: m=matrix(CF3, 3,3, [[1,e3,0],[e3.conjugate(),2,0],[0,0,1]]) sage: G = SU(3, CF3) sage: Gm = SU(3, CF3, invariant_form=m) sage: G == Gm False sage: G.invariant_form() [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] sage: Gm.invariant_form() [ 1 zeta3 0] [-zeta3 - 1 2 0] [ 0 0 1] sage: pm=Permutation((1,2,3)).to_matrix() sage: G(pm) [0 0 1] [1 0 0] [0 1 0] sage: Gm(pm) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: matrix must be unitary with respect to the hermitian form [ 1 zeta3 0] [-zeta3 - 1 2 0] [ 0 0 1] sage: SU(3,5, invariant_form=[[1,0,0],[0,2,0],[0,0,3]]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError: invariant_form for finite groups is fixed by GAP
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class
sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.
UnitaryMatrixGroup_gap
(degree, base_ring, special, sage_name, latex_string, gap_command_string, category=None)¶ Bases:
sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.UnitaryMatrixGroup_generic
,sage.groups.matrix_gps.named_group.NamedMatrixGroup_gap
,sage.groups.matrix_gps.finitely_generated.FinitelyGeneratedMatrixGroup_gap
The general or special unitary group in GAP.
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invariant_form
()¶ Return the hermitian form preserved by the unitary group.
OUTPUT:
A square matrix describing the bilinear form
EXAMPLES:
sage: G32=GU(3,2) sage: G32.invariant_form() [0 0 1] [0 1 0] [1 0 0]
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class
sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.
UnitaryMatrixGroup_generic
(degree, base_ring, special, sage_name, latex_string, category=None, invariant_form=None)¶ Bases:
sage.groups.matrix_gps.named_group.NamedMatrixGroup_generic
General Unitary Group over arbitrary rings.
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = GU(3, GF(7)); G General Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 7^2 sage: latex(G) \text{GU}_{3}(\Bold{F}_{7^{2}}) sage: G = SU(3, GF(5)); G Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 5^2 sage: latex(G) \text{SU}_{3}(\Bold{F}_{5^{2}}) sage: CF3 = CyclotomicField(3); e3 = CF3.gen() sage: m=matrix(CF3, 3,3, [[1,e3,0],[e3.conjugate(),2,0],[0,0,1]]) sage: G = SU(3, CF3, invariant_form=m) sage: latex(G) \text{SU}_{3}(\Bold{Q}(\zeta_{3}))\text{ with respect to positive definite hermitian form }\left(\begin{array}{rrr} 1 & \zeta_{3} & 0 \\ -\zeta_{3} - 1 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right)
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invariant_form
()¶ Return the hermitian form preserved by the unitary group.
OUTPUT:
A square matrix describing the bilinear form
EXAMPLES:
sage: SU4 = SU(4,QQ) sage: SU4.invariant_form() [1 0 0 0] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 0] [0 0 0 1]
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sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.
finite_field_sqrt
(ring)¶ Helper function.
INPUT:
A ring.
OUTPUT:
Integer q such that
ring
is the finite field with \(q^2\) elements.EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary import finite_field_sqrt sage: finite_field_sqrt(GF(4, 'a')) 2