Line graphs¶
This module gather everything which is related to line graphs. Right now, this amounts to the following functions :
Return the line graph of a given graph |
|
Check whether a graph is a line graph |
|
Return the root graph corresponding to the given graph |
Author:
Nathann Cohen (01-2013),
root_graph()
method and module documentation. Written while listening to Nina Simone “I wish I knew how it would feel to be free”. Crazy good song. And “Prendre ta douleur”, too.David Coudert (10-2018), use maximal cliques iterator in
root_graph()
, and useroot_graph()
instead of forbidden subgraph search inis_line_graph()
(trac ticket #26444).
Definition¶
Given a graph \(G\), the line graph \(L(G)\) of \(G\) is the graph such that
The definition is extended to directed graphs. In this situation, there is an arc \((e,e')\) in \(L(G)\) if the destination of \(e\) is the origin of \(e'\).
For more information, see the Wikipedia article Line_graph.
Root graph¶
A graph whose line graph is \(LG\) is called the root graph of \(LG\). The root graph of a (connected) graph is unique ([Whi1932], [Har1969]), except when \(LG=K_3\), as both \(L(K_3)\) and \(L(K_{1,3})\) are equal to \(K_3\).
Here is how we can “see” \(G\) by staring (very intently) at \(LG\) :
A graph \(LG\) is the line graph of \(G\) if there exists a collection \((S_v)_{v\in G}\) of subsets of \(V(LG)\) such that :
Every \(S_v\) is a complete subgraph of \(LG\).
Every \(v\in LG\) belongs to exactly two sets of the family \((S_v)_{v\in G}\).
Any two sets of \((S_v)_{v\in G}\) have at most one common elements
For any edge \((u,v)\in LG\) there exists a set of \((S_v)_{v\in G}\) containing both \(u\) and \(v\).
In this family, each set \(S_v\) represent a vertex of \(G\), and contains “the set of edges incident to \(v\) in \(G\)”. Two elements \(S_v,S_{v'}\) have a nonempty intersection whenever \(vv'\) is an edge of \(G\).
Hence, finding the root graph of \(LG\) is the job of finding this collection of sets.
In particular, what we know for sure is that a maximal clique \(S\) of size \(2\) or \(\geq 4\) in \(LG\) corresponds to a vertex of degree \(|S|\) in \(G\), whose incident edges are the elements of \(S\) itself.
The main problem lies with maximal cliques of size 3, i.e. triangles. Those we have to split into two categories, even and odd triangles :
A triangle \(\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}\subseteq V(LG)\) is said to be an odd triangle if there exists a vertex \(e\in V(G)\) incident to exactly one or all of \(\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}\), and it is said to be even otherwise.
The very good point of this definition is that an inclusionwise maximal clique which is an odd triangle will always correspond to a vertex of degree 3 in \(G\), while an even triangle could result from either a vertex of degree 3 in \(G\) or a triangle in \(G\). And in order to build the root graph we obviously have to decide which.
Beineke proves in [Bei1970] that the collection of sets we are looking for can be easily found. Indeed it turns out that it is the union of :
The family of all maximal cliques of \(LG\) of size 2 or \(\geq 4\), as well as all odd triangles.
The family of all pairs of adjacent vertices which appear in exactly one maximal clique which is an even triangle.
There are actually four special cases to which the decomposition above does not apply, i.e. graphs containing an edge which belongs to exactly two even triangles. We deal with those independently.
The
Complete graph
\(K_3\).The
Diamond graph
– the line graph of \(K_{1,3}\) plus an edge.The
Wheel graph
on \(4+1\) vertices – the line graph of theDiamond graph
The
Octahedron
– the line graph of \(K_4\).
This decomposition turns out to be very easy to implement :-)
Warning
Even though the root graph is NOT UNIQUE for the triangle, this method returns \(K_{1,3}\) (and not \(K_3\)) in this case. Pay very close attention to that, for this answer is not theoretically correct : there is no unique answer in this case, and we deal with it by returning one of the two possible answers.
Functions¶
-
sage.graphs.line_graph.
is_line_graph
(g, certificate=False)¶ Check whether the graph \(g\) is a line graph.
INPUT:
certificate
(boolean) – whether to return a certificate along with the boolean result. Here is what happens whencertificate = True
:If the graph is not a line graph, the method returns a pair
(b, subgraph)
whereb
isFalse
andsubgraph
is a subgraph isomorphic to one of the 9 forbidden induced subgraphs of a line graph.If the graph is a line graph, the method returns a triple
(b,R,isom)
whereb
isTrue
,R
is a graph whose line graph is the graph given as input, andisom
is a map associating an edge ofR
to each vertex of the graph.
Note
This method wastes a bit of time when the input graph is not connected. If you have performance in mind, it is probably better to only feed it with connected graphs only.
See also
The
line_graph
module.line_graph_forbidden_subgraphs()
– the forbidden subgraphs of a line graph.
EXAMPLES:
A complete graph is always the line graph of a star:
sage: graphs.CompleteGraph(5).is_line_graph() True
The Petersen Graph not being claw-free, it is not a line graph:
sage: graphs.PetersenGraph().is_line_graph() False
This is indeed the subgraph returned:
sage: C = graphs.PetersenGraph().is_line_graph(certificate=True)[1] sage: C.is_isomorphic(graphs.ClawGraph()) True
The house graph is a line graph:
sage: g = graphs.HouseGraph() sage: g.is_line_graph() True
But what is the graph whose line graph is the house ?:
sage: is_line, R, isom = g.is_line_graph(certificate=True) sage: R.sparse6_string() ':DaHI~' sage: R.show() sage: isom {0: (0, 1), 1: (0, 2), 2: (1, 3), 3: (2, 3), 4: (3, 4)}
-
sage.graphs.line_graph.
line_graph
(g, labels=True)¶ Return the line graph of the (di)graph
g
.INPUT:
labels
– boolean (default:True
); whether edge labels should be taken in consideration. Iflabels=True
, the vertices of the line graph will be triples(u,v,label)
, and pairs of vertices otherwise.
The line graph of an undirected graph G is an undirected graph H such that the vertices of H are the edges of G and two vertices e and f of H are adjacent if e and f share a common vertex in G. In other words, an edge in H represents a path of length 2 in G.
The line graph of a directed graph G is a directed graph H such that the vertices of H are the edges of G and two vertices e and f of H are adjacent if e and f share a common vertex in G and the terminal vertex of e is the initial vertex of f. In other words, an edge in H represents a (directed) path of length 2 in G.
Note
As a
Graph
object only accepts hashable objects as vertices (and as the vertices of the line graph are the edges of the graph), this code will fail if edge labels are not hashable. You can also set the argumentlabels=False
to ignore labels.See also
The
line_graph
module.line_graph_forbidden_subgraphs()
– the forbidden subgraphs of a line graph.is_line_graph()
– tests whether a graph is a line graph.
EXAMPLES:
sage: g = graphs.CompleteGraph(4) sage: h = g.line_graph() sage: h.vertices() [(0, 1, None), (0, 2, None), (0, 3, None), (1, 2, None), (1, 3, None), (2, 3, None)] sage: h.am() [0 1 1 1 1 0] [1 0 1 1 0 1] [1 1 0 0 1 1] [1 1 0 0 1 1] [1 0 1 1 0 1] [0 1 1 1 1 0] sage: h2 = g.line_graph(labels=False) sage: h2.vertices() [(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)] sage: h2.am() == h.am() True sage: g = DiGraph([[1..4], lambda i,j: i < j]) sage: h = g.line_graph() sage: h.vertices() [(1, 2, None), (1, 3, None), (1, 4, None), (2, 3, None), (2, 4, None), (3, 4, None)] sage: h.edges() [((1, 2, None), (2, 3, None), None), ((1, 2, None), (2, 4, None), None), ((1, 3, None), (3, 4, None), None), ((2, 3, None), (3, 4, None), None)]
-
sage.graphs.line_graph.
root_graph
(g, verbose=False)¶ Return the root graph corresponding to the given graph
g
See the documentation of
sage.graphs.line_graph
to know how it works.INPUT:
g
– a graphverbose
– boolean (default:False
); display some information about what is happening inside of the algorithm.
Warning
This code assumes that \(g\) is a line graph, and is a connected, undirected graph without multiple edges.